Latest Update: Impact of current COVID-19 situation has been considered in this report while making the analysis.
Global Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market by Type (Low Power Direct Drive Spindle, High Power Direct Drive Spindle), By Application (Indirect Sales, Direct Sales) And By Region (North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific and Middle East & Africa), Forecast From 2022 To 2030-report

Global Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market by Type (Low Power Direct Drive Spindle, High Power Direct Drive Spindle), By Application (Indirect Sales, Direct Sales) And By Region (North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific and Middle East & Africa), Forecast From 2022 To 2030

Report ID: 187377 3300 Chemical & Material 377 235 Pages 4.6 (39)
                                          

Market Overview:


The global direct drive spindle for automotive and aerospace market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.5% during the forecast period from 2018 to 2030. The growth in this market can be attributed to the increasing demand for electric vehicles and aircrafts. In addition, the growing trend of miniaturization is also contributing to the growth of this market. The global direct drive spindle for automotive and aerospace market can be segmented on the basis of type into low power direct drive spindles and high power direct drive spindles. The low power direct drive spindles segment is expected to grow at a higher CAGR than the high power direct drive spindles segment during the forecast period from 2018 to 2030. This can be attributed to their lower cost as well as their ability to handle smaller loads as compared with high powerdirect drivespindles .


Global Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Industry Outlook


Product Definition:


A direct drive spindle is a type of spindle that connects to a motor directly, without the use of gears or belts. This type of spindle is often used in automotive and aerospace applications because it provides more power and accuracy than other types of spindles.


Low Power Direct Drive Spindle:


Low power direct drive spindle is a kind of electric motor used in Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace. It’s also known as brushless DC (BLDC) or stepper motors, which are widely used in applications such as 3D printers, CNC machines, medical equipment and others. BLDC motors have several advantages over conventional DC motors including less noise & vibration over high-speed operation at low weight & size with no physical gear reduction.


High Power Direct Drive Spindle:


High power direct drive spindle is used in high power direct drive spindle for automotive and aerospace applications. It is a mechanical device that consists of main shaft, gearbox, spur gear and electric motor. The main shaft has bearings at both ends so that it can spin freely on the bearings without any restrictions. The electric motor rotates the spur gears which in turn drives the output shaft of machine tools.


Application Insights:


The global market is segmented by application into the automotive and aerospace sector. In 2017, the automotive segment dominated the market with a revenue share of over 60%. The growth can be attributed to increasing demand for high-performance spindles in various applications such as engine mounts, transmission components, and others.


The aerospace application is expected to witness significant growth over the forecast period owing to rising demand for precision-engineered products that are essential in aviation manufacturing. Moreover, growing defense expenditure across countries such as U.S., China and India will further propel product demand from this sector during future years.


Regional Analysis:


Asia Pacific dominated the global market in 2017 and is expected to continue its dominance over the forecast period. The growth of this region can be attributed to increasing demand for high power spindles from countries such as China, India, Japan, and South Korea. These countries are involved in various industrial activities including metal cutting, drilling & tapping operations that require high power spindles. Moreover these countries have a large number of automotive manufacturers who use direct drive spindle for their machinery needs thereby driving the regional market growth over the forecast period.


The Latin American regional market is anticipated to witness significant growth during the forecast years owing to rising investments by major players in this region coupled with growing aerospace industry across Brazil.


Growth Factors:


  • Increasing demand for lightweight and fuel-efficient vehicles in automotive market is expected to drive the demand for direct drive spindles over the forecast period.
  • Rising demand for electric and hybrid vehicles is also anticipated to boost the growth of the market.
  • Growing investments in aerospace industry is expected to propel the growth of direct drive spindle market over the forecast period.
  • Increasing adoption of 3D printing technology across various industries is projected to create new opportunities for direct drive spindle manufacturers in near future.
  • Technological advancements such as development of high power density motors are likely to provide impetus to growth of this market during forecast period

Scope Of The Report

Report Attributes

Report Details

Report Title

Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Research Report

By Type

Low Power Direct Drive Spindle, High Power Direct Drive Spindle

By Application

Indirect Sales, Direct Sales

By Companies

Kessler, Step-Tec, Fischer Precise, Siemens, IBAG Group, Guangzhou Haozhi, GMN Paul Müller Industrie GmbH & Co. KG, Westwind Air Bearings., Ltd. (Novanta), Air Bearing, Nakanishi, Posa, Alfred Jäger, SycoTec, Zimmer Group, KLKJ Group Co.,Ltd., Shenzhen Sufeng, Heinz Fiege GmbH, Parfaite Tool, ZYS, Changzhou Hanqi

Regions Covered

North America, Europe, APAC, Latin America, MEA

Base Year

2021

Historical Year

2019 to 2020 (Data from 2010 can be provided as per availability)

Forecast Year

2030

Number of Pages

235

Number of Tables & Figures

165

Customization Available

Yes, the report can be customized as per your need.


Global Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Report Segments:

The global Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace market is segmented on the basis of:

Types

Low Power Direct Drive Spindle, High Power Direct Drive Spindle

The product segment provides information about the market share of each product and the respective CAGR during the forecast period. It lays out information about the product pricing parameters, trends, and profits that provides in-depth insights of the market. Furthermore, it discusses latest product developments & innovation in the market.

Applications

Indirect Sales, Direct Sales

The application segment fragments various applications of the product and provides information on the market share and growth rate of each application segment. It discusses the potential future applications of the products and driving and restraining factors of each application segment.

Some of the companies that are profiled in this report are:

  1. Kessler
  2. Step-Tec
  3. Fischer Precise
  4. Siemens
  5. IBAG Group
  6. Guangzhou Haozhi
  7. GMN Paul Müller Industrie GmbH & Co. KG
  8. Westwind Air Bearings., Ltd. (Novanta)
  9. Air Bearing
  10. Nakanishi
  11. Posa
  12. Alfred Jäger
  13. SycoTec
  14. Zimmer Group
  15. KLKJ Group Co.,Ltd.
  16. Shenzhen Sufeng
  17. Heinz Fiege GmbH
  18. Parfaite Tool
  19. ZYS
  20. Changzhou Hanqi

Global Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Overview


Highlights of The Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Report:

  1. The market structure and projections for the coming years.
  2. Drivers, restraints, opportunities, and current trends of market.
  3. Historical data and forecast.
  4. Estimations for the forecast period 2030.
  5. Developments and trends in the market.
  6. By Type:

    1. Low Power Direct Drive Spindle
    2. High Power Direct Drive Spindle
  1. By Application:

    1. Indirect Sales
    2. Direct Sales
  1. Market scenario by region, sub-region, and country.
  2. Market share of the market players, company profiles, product specifications, SWOT analysis, and competitive landscape.
  3. Analysis regarding upstream raw materials, downstream demand, and current market dynamics.
  4. Government Policies, Macro & Micro economic factors are also included in the report.

We have studied the Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market in 360 degrees via. both primary & secondary research methodologies. This helped us in building an understanding of the current market dynamics, supply-demand gap, pricing trends, product preferences, consumer patterns & so on. The findings were further validated through primary research with industry experts & opinion leaders across countries. The data is further compiled & validated through various market estimation & data validation methodologies. Further, we also have our in-house data forecasting model to predict market growth up to 2030.

Regional Analysis

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Middle East & Africa
  • Latin America

Note: A country of choice can be added in the report at no extra cost. If more than one country needs to be added, the research quote will vary accordingly.

The geographical analysis part of the report provides information about the product sales in terms of volume and revenue in regions. It lays out potential opportunities for the new entrants, emerging players, and major players in the region. The regional analysis is done after considering the socio-economic factors and government regulations of the countries in the regions.

How you may use our products:

  • Correctly Positioning New Products
  • Market Entry Strategies
  • Business Expansion Strategies
  • Consumer Insights
  • Understanding Competition Scenario
  • Product & Brand Management
  • Channel & Customer Management
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Global Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Statistics

8 Reasons to Buy This Report

  1. Includes a Chapter on the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic On the Market
  2. Report Prepared After Conducting Interviews with Industry Experts & Top Designates of the Companies in the Market
  3. Implemented Robust Methodology to Prepare the Report
  4. Includes Graphs, Statistics, Flowcharts, and Infographics to Save Time
  5. Industry Growth Insights Provides 24/5 Assistance Regarding the Doubts in the Report
  6. Provides Information About the Top-winning Strategies Implemented by Industry Players.
  7. In-depth Insights On the Market Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities, and Threats
  8. Customization of the Report Available

Frequently Asked Questions?


Direct Drive Spindle is a type of spindle used in automotive and aerospace industries. It is a gearbox that uses gears to rotate the shaft.

Some of the major companies in the direct drive spindle for automotive and aerospace market are Kessler, Step-Tec, Fischer Precise, Siemens, IBAG Group, Guangzhou Haozhi, GMN Paul MƒÂ¼ller Industrie GmbH & Co. KG, Westwind Air Bearings., Ltd. (Novanta), Air Bearing, Nakanishi, Posa, Alfred JƒÂ¤ger, SycoTec, Zimmer Group, KLKJ Group Co.,Ltd., Shenzhen Sufeng, Heinz Fiege GmbH, Parfaite Tool, ZYS, Changzhou Hanqi.

The direct drive spindle for automotive and aerospace market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 5.5%.

                                            
1. Executive Summary

2. Assumptions and Acronyms Used

3. Research Methodology

4. Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Overview
   4.1. Introduction
      4.1.1. Market Taxonomy
      4.1.2. Market Definition
   4.2. Macro-Economic Factors
      4.2.1. Industry Outlook
   4.3. Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Dynamics
      4.3.1. Market Drivers
      4.3.2. Market Restraints
      4.3.3. Opportunity
      4.3.4. Market Trends
   4.4. Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market - Supply Chain
   4.5. Global Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Forecast
      4.5.1. Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size (US$ Mn) and Y-o-Y Growth
      4.5.2. Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size (000’ Units) and Y-o-Y Growth
      4.5.3. Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Absolute $ Opportunity

5. Global Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Analysis and Forecast by Type
   5.1. Market Trends
   5.2. Introduction
      5.2.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
      5.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
   5.3. Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
      5.3.1. Low Power Direct Drive Spindle
      5.3.2. High Power Direct Drive Spindle
   5.4. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Type
   5.5. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis by Type

6. Global Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Analysis and Forecast by Application
   6.1. Market Trends
   6.2. Introduction
      6.2.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
      6.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
   6.3. Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
      6.3.1. Indirect Sales
      6.3.2. Direct Sales
   6.4. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Application
   6.5. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis by Application

7. Global Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Analysis and Forecast by Sales Channel
   7.1. Market Trends
   7.2. Introduction
      7.2.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Sales Channel 
      7.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Sales Channel
   7.3. Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size and Volume Forecast by Sales Channel 
      7.3.1. Manufacturer/Distributor/Service Provider
      7.3.2. Aftermarket
   7.4. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Sales Channel
   7.5. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis by Sales Channel

8. Global Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Analysis and Forecast by Region
   8.1. Market Trends
   8.2. Introduction
      8.2.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Region
      8.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Region
   8.3. Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size and Volume Forecast by Region
      8.3.1. North America
      8.3.2. Latin America
      8.3.3. Europe
      8.3.4. Asia Pacific
      8.3.5. Middle East and Africa (MEA)
   8.4. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Region
   8.5. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis by Region
   8.6. Global Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Demand Share Forecast, 2019-2026

9. North America Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Analysis and Forecast
   9.1. Introduction
      9.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
      9.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
   9.2. North America Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
      9.2.1. U.S.
      9.2.2. Canada
   9.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
   9.4. North America Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
      9.4.1. Indirect Sales
      9.4.2. Direct Sales
   9.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
   9.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
   9.7. North America Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
      9.7.1. Low Power Direct Drive Spindle
      9.7.2. High Power Direct Drive Spindle
   9.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
   9.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
   9.10. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
      9.10.1. By Country
      9.10.2. By Product Type
      9.10.3. By Application
      9.10.4. By Sales Channel
   9.11. North America Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Demand Share Forecast, 2019-2026

10. Latin America Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Analysis and Forecast
   10.1. Introduction
      10.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
      10.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
      10.1.3. Latin America Average Pricing Analysis
   10.2. Latin America Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
      10.2.1. Brazil
      10.2.2. Mexico
      10.2.3. Rest of Latin America
   10.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
   10.4. Latin America Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
      10.4.1. Indirect Sales
      10.4.2. Direct Sales
   10.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
   10.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
   10.7. Latin America Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
      10.7.1. Low Power Direct Drive Spindle
      10.7.2. High Power Direct Drive Spindle
   10.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
   10.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
   10.10. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
      10.10.1. By Country
      10.10.2. By Product Type
      10.10.3. By Application
      10.10.4. By Sales Channel
   10.11. Latin America Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Demand Share Forecast, 2019-2026

11. Europe Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Analysis and Forecast
   11.1. Introduction
      11.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
      11.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
      11.1.3. Europe Average Pricing Analysis
   11.2. Europe Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
      11.2.1. Germany
      11.2.2. France
      11.2.3. Italy
      11.2.4. U.K.
      11.2.5. Spain
      11.2.6. Russia
      11.2.7. Rest of Europe
   11.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
   11.4. Europe Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
      11.4.1. Indirect Sales
      11.4.2. Direct Sales
   11.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
   11.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
   11.7. Europe Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
      11.7.1. Low Power Direct Drive Spindle
      11.7.2. High Power Direct Drive Spindle
   11.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
   11.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
   11.10. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
      11.10.1. By Country
      11.10.2. By Product Type
      11.10.3. By Application
      11.10.4. By Sales Channel
   11.11. Europe Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Demand Share, 2019-2026

12. Asia Pacific Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Analysis and Forecast
   12.1. Introduction
      12.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
      12.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
      12.1.3. Asia Pacific Average Pricing Analysis
   12.2. Asia Pacific Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
      12.2.1. China
      12.2.2. Japan
      12.2.3. South Korea
      12.2.4. India
      12.2.5. Australia
      12.2.6. Rest of Asia Pacific (APAC)
   12.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
   12.4. Asia Pacific Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
      12.4.1. Indirect Sales
      12.4.2. Direct Sales
   12.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
   12.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
   12.7. Asia Pacific Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
      12.7.1. Low Power Direct Drive Spindle
      12.7.2. High Power Direct Drive Spindle
   12.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
   12.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
   12.10. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
      12.10.1. By Country
      12.10.2. By Product Type
      12.10.3. By Application
      12.10.4. By Sales Channel
   12.11. Asia Pacific Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Demand Share, 2019-2026

13. Middle East & Africa Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Analysis and Forecast
   13.1. Introduction
      13.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
      13.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
      13.1.3. Asia Pacific Average Pricing Analysis
   13.2. Middle East & Africa Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
      13.2.1. Saudi Arabia
      13.2.2. South Africa
      13.2.3. UAE
      13.2.4. Rest of Middle East & Africa (MEA)
   13.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
   13.4. Middle East & Africa Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
      13.4.1. Indirect Sales
      13.4.2. Direct Sales
   13.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
   13.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
   13.7. Middle East & Africa Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
      13.7.1. Low Power Direct Drive Spindle
      13.7.2. High Power Direct Drive Spindle
   13.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
   13.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
   13.10. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
      13.10.1. By Country
      13.10.2. By Product Type
      13.10.3. By Application
      13.10.4. By Sales Channel
   13.11. Middle East & Africa Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Demand Share, 2019-2026

14. Competition Landscape
   14.1. Global Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market: Market Share Analysis
   14.2. Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Distributors and Customers
   14.3. Direct Drive Spindle for Automotive and Aerospace Market: Competitive Dashboard
   14.4. Company Profiles (Details – Overview, Financials, Developments, Strategy) 
      14.4.1. Kessler
         14.4.1.1. Overview
         14.4.1.2. Financials
         14.4.1.3. Developments
         14.4.1.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.2. Step-Tec
         14.4.2.1. Overview
         14.4.2.2. Financials
         14.4.2.3. Developments
         14.4.2.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.3. Fischer Precise
         14.4.3.1. Overview
         14.4.3.2. Financials
         14.4.3.3. Developments
         14.4.3.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.4. Siemens
         14.4.4.1. Overview
         14.4.4.2. Financials
         14.4.4.3. Developments
         14.4.4.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.5. IBAG Group
         14.4.5.1. Overview
         14.4.5.2. Financials
         14.4.5.3. Developments
         14.4.5.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.6. Guangzhou Haozhi
         14.4.6.1. Overview
         14.4.6.2. Financials
         14.4.6.3. Developments
         14.4.6.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.7. GMN Paul Müller Industrie GmbH & Co. KG
         14.4.7.1. Overview
         14.4.7.2. Financials
         14.4.7.3. Developments
         14.4.7.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.8. Westwind Air Bearings., Ltd. (Novanta)
         14.4.8.1. Overview
         14.4.8.2. Financials
         14.4.8.3. Developments
         14.4.8.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.9. Air Bearing
         14.4.9.1. Overview
         14.4.9.2. Financials
         14.4.9.3. Developments
         14.4.9.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.10. Nakanishi
         14.4.10.1. Overview
         14.4.10.2. Financials
         14.4.10.3. Developments
         14.4.10.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.11. Posa
         14.4.11.1. Overview
         14.4.11.2. Financials
         14.4.11.3. Developments
         14.4.11.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.12. Alfred Jäger
         14.4.12.1. Overview
         14.4.12.2. Financials
         14.4.12.3. Developments
         14.4.12.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.13. SycoTec
         14.4.13.1. Overview
         14.4.13.2. Financials
         14.4.13.3. Developments
         14.4.13.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.14. Zimmer Group
         14.4.14.1. Overview
         14.4.14.2. Financials
         14.4.14.3. Developments
         14.4.14.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.15. KLKJ Group Co.,Ltd.
         14.4.15.1. Overview
         14.4.15.2. Financials
         14.4.15.3. Developments
         14.4.15.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.16. Shenzhen Sufeng
         14.4.16.1. Overview
         14.4.16.2. Financials
         14.4.16.3. Developments
         14.4.16.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.17. Heinz Fiege GmbH
         14.4.17.1. Overview
         14.4.17.2. Financials
         14.4.17.3. Developments
         14.4.17.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.18. Parfaite Tool
         14.4.18.1. Overview
         14.4.18.2. Financials
         14.4.18.3. Developments
         14.4.18.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.19. ZYS
         14.4.19.1. Overview
         14.4.19.2. Financials
         14.4.19.3. Developments
         14.4.19.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.20. Changzhou Hanqi
         14.4.20.1. Overview
         14.4.20.2. Financials
         14.4.20.3. Developments
         14.4.20.4. Strategic Outlook

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