Latest Update: Impact of current COVID-19 situation has been considered in this report while making the analysis.
Global Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market by Type (Gas Calcined Anthracite, Electrically Calcined Anthracite), By Application (Steel Industry, Carbon Products, Other) And By Region (North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific and Middle East & Africa), Forecast From 2022 To 2030-report

Global Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market by Type (Gas Calcined Anthracite, Electrically Calcined Anthracite), By Application (Steel Industry, Carbon Products, Other) And By Region (North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific and Middle East & Africa), Forecast From 2022 To 2030

Report ID: 189060 3300 Chemical & Material 377 241 Pages 4.9 (35)
                                          

Market Overview:


The global electrically calcined anthracite (ECA) market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.5% during the forecast period from 2018 to 2030. The growth in the market can be attributed to the increasing demand for ECA from steel industries and other applications, such as carbon products. North America is expected to lead the global electrically calcined anthracite (ECA) market in terms of revenue during the forecast period, followed by Europe and Asia Pacific.


Global Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Industry Outlook


Product Definition:


Electrically calcined anthracite (ECA) is a high-quality, low-sulfur coal that is used to generate electricity. It has a very low ash content and a high heat value, making it an ideal fuel for power plants.


Gas Calcined Anthracite:


Gas calcined anthracite is a type of coal that has been heated in an enclosed space to temperatures as high as 2000°C. The process does not involve the use of air and hence it is also known as electric calcined anthracite (ECA). It finds application in power plants for the production of coke or carbon monoxide, which is further used for manufacturing steel and other related products.


Electrically Calcined Anthracite:


Electrically calcined anthracite is a type of coal that has been treated to remove moisture and volatile organic compounds (VOC) by passing it through a series of electric ovens at extremely high temperatures. The process does not involve any combustion, as in the case of drying or heating with the aim of burning.


The product finds application in various industries including power generation, cement, chemicals.


Application Insights:


The steel industry was the largest application segment in 2017 and accounted for a market share of more than 50% in terms of revenue. The product is used as an alternative to coke when high temperatures are required for the production of high-quality steel. In addition, it is also used as a fluxing material during cold-forming process to prevent carbon from forming into grains on the surface of hot metal.


Electrically calcined anthracite has properties similar to those of graphite, which makes it suitable for use as an insulating material between electrodes in electric furnaces that are used to produce carbon products such as activated charcoal and graphitizing agents. It can be easily substituted by other materials such as barium sulfate or calcium carbonate owing to its low electrical conductivity; however, its usage rate remains low due these substitute materials being expensive compared with ECA.


Regional Analysis:


Asia Pacific dominated the global market in 2017 and is expected to continue its dominance over the forecast period. The region accounted for a volume share of 68.1% in 2017, which can be attributed to high steel production and consumption coupled with rising investments from foreign players in this region. In 2016, Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation (NSSMC) invested USD X million to expand its JVs with SAIL in order to increase its production capacity of carbon products by 50 kilotons per year by 2020.


Europe was the second-largest regional segment accounting for 26% of total revenue share on account of growing demand from automotive industry owing to increasing vehicle manufacturing activities across major countries such as Germany, Russia, France and U.K., etc.


Growth Factors:


  • Increasing demand from steel and aluminum industries: The global steel and aluminum industries are growing at a rapid pace, owing to the increasing demand from the construction, automotive, and packaging sectors. This is expected to drive the demand for ECA in the coming years.
  • Growing awareness about environmental benefits of ECA: The use of ECA helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants emitted from traditional fuels used in metallurgical processes. This is resulting in an increase in its adoption among metal producers worldwide.
  • Rising prices of traditional fuels: The prices of traditional fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas are rising due to their dwindling supply coupled with increasing global demand. This is making ECA a more economical option for metallurgical processes worldwide.
  • . Technological advancements: Continuous technological advancements are taking place across various industrial sectors including metallurgy that are helping improve the efficiency and performance of ECA-based systems globally .This is aiding in driving its market growth further . 5) Stringent environmental regulations: Stringent environmental regulations regarding emissions from industrial processes are being implemented by governments across various regions globally .This is necessitatingthe useofECAinmetallurgicalprocessesandishelpingdriveitsmarketgrowth

Scope Of The Report

Report Attributes

Report Details

Report Title

Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Research Report

By Type

Gas Calcined Anthracite, Electrically Calcined Anthracite

By Application

Steel Industry, Carbon Products, Other

By Companies

Elkem, Rheinfelden Carbon, Asbury Carbons, Rheinbraun Brennstoff GmbH, Resorbent, Devenergy, Wanboda Carbons & Graphite, China Coal Ningxia Carbon Additive Factory, IVY-Carbon Products, Ningxia Huihong, Carbon Valley, TIH Group, Hongrong, Xinhuida, Zhixin, Dongsheng

Regions Covered

North America, Europe, APAC, Latin America, MEA

Base Year

2021

Historical Year

2019 to 2020 (Data from 2010 can be provided as per availability)

Forecast Year

2030

Number of Pages

241

Number of Tables & Figures

169

Customization Available

Yes, the report can be customized as per your need.


Global Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Report Segments:

The global Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) market is segmented on the basis of:

Types

Gas Calcined Anthracite, Electrically Calcined Anthracite

The product segment provides information about the market share of each product and the respective CAGR during the forecast period. It lays out information about the product pricing parameters, trends, and profits that provides in-depth insights of the market. Furthermore, it discusses latest product developments & innovation in the market.

Applications

Steel Industry, Carbon Products, Other

The application segment fragments various applications of the product and provides information on the market share and growth rate of each application segment. It discusses the potential future applications of the products and driving and restraining factors of each application segment.

Some of the companies that are profiled in this report are:

  1. Elkem
  2. Rheinfelden Carbon
  3. Asbury Carbons
  4. Rheinbraun Brennstoff GmbH
  5. Resorbent
  6. Devenergy
  7. Wanboda Carbons & Graphite
  8. China Coal Ningxia Carbon Additive Factory
  9. IVY-Carbon Products
  10. Ningxia Huihong
  11. Carbon Valley
  12. TIH Group
  13. Hongrong
  14. Xinhuida
  15. Zhixin
  16. Dongsheng

Global Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Overview


Highlights of The Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Report:

  1. The market structure and projections for the coming years.
  2. Drivers, restraints, opportunities, and current trends of market.
  3. Historical data and forecast.
  4. Estimations for the forecast period 2030.
  5. Developments and trends in the market.
  6. By Type:

    1. Gas Calcined Anthracite
    2. Electrically Calcined Anthracite
  1. By Application:

    1. Steel Industry
    2. Carbon Products
    3. Other
  1. Market scenario by region, sub-region, and country.
  2. Market share of the market players, company profiles, product specifications, SWOT analysis, and competitive landscape.
  3. Analysis regarding upstream raw materials, downstream demand, and current market dynamics.
  4. Government Policies, Macro & Micro economic factors are also included in the report.

We have studied the Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market in 360 degrees via. both primary & secondary research methodologies. This helped us in building an understanding of the current market dynamics, supply-demand gap, pricing trends, product preferences, consumer patterns & so on. The findings were further validated through primary research with industry experts & opinion leaders across countries. The data is further compiled & validated through various market estimation & data validation methodologies. Further, we also have our in-house data forecasting model to predict market growth up to 2030.

Regional Analysis

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Middle East & Africa
  • Latin America

Note: A country of choice can be added in the report at no extra cost. If more than one country needs to be added, the research quote will vary accordingly.

The geographical analysis part of the report provides information about the product sales in terms of volume and revenue in regions. It lays out potential opportunities for the new entrants, emerging players, and major players in the region. The regional analysis is done after considering the socio-economic factors and government regulations of the countries in the regions.

How you may use our products:

  • Correctly Positioning New Products
  • Market Entry Strategies
  • Business Expansion Strategies
  • Consumer Insights
  • Understanding Competition Scenario
  • Product & Brand Management
  • Channel & Customer Management
  • Identifying Appropriate Advertising Appeals

Global Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Statistics

8 Reasons to Buy This Report

  1. Includes a Chapter on the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic On the Market
  2. Report Prepared After Conducting Interviews with Industry Experts & Top Designates of the Companies in the Market
  3. Implemented Robust Methodology to Prepare the Report
  4. Includes Graphs, Statistics, Flowcharts, and Infographics to Save Time
  5. Industry Growth Insights Provides 24/5 Assistance Regarding the Doubts in the Report
  6. Provides Information About the Top-winning Strategies Implemented by Industry Players.
  7. In-depth Insights On the Market Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities, and Threats
  8. Customization of the Report Available

Frequently Asked Questions?


Electrically calcined anthracite (ECA) is a type of coal that has been heated to a high temperature in an electric arc furnace. The process creates a hard, durable coal with excellent thermal and electrical properties.

Some of the major companies in the electrically calcined anthracite (eca) market are Elkem, Rheinfelden Carbon, Asbury Carbons, Rheinbraun Brennstoff GmbH, Resorbent, Devenergy, Wanboda Carbons & Graphite, China Coal Ningxia Carbon Additive Factory, IVY-Carbon Products, Ningxia Huihong, Carbon Valley, TIH Group, Hongrong, Xinhuida, Zhixin, Dongsheng.

The electrically calcined anthracite (eca) market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 5.5%.

                                            
1. Executive Summary

2. Assumptions and Acronyms Used

3. Research Methodology

4. Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Overview
   4.1. Introduction
      4.1.1. Market Taxonomy
      4.1.2. Market Definition
   4.2. Macro-Economic Factors
      4.2.1. Industry Outlook
   4.3. Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Dynamics
      4.3.1. Market Drivers
      4.3.2. Market Restraints
      4.3.3. Opportunity
      4.3.4. Market Trends
   4.4. Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market - Supply Chain
   4.5. Global Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Forecast
      4.5.1. Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size (US$ Mn) and Y-o-Y Growth
      4.5.2. Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size (000’ Units) and Y-o-Y Growth
      4.5.3. Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Absolute $ Opportunity

5. Global Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Analysis and Forecast by Type
   5.1. Market Trends
   5.2. Introduction
      5.2.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
      5.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
   5.3. Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
      5.3.1. Gas Calcined Anthracite
      5.3.2. Electrically Calcined Anthracite
   5.4. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Type
   5.5. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis by Type

6. Global Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Analysis and Forecast by Application
   6.1. Market Trends
   6.2. Introduction
      6.2.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
      6.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
   6.3. Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
      6.3.1. Steel Industry
      6.3.2. Carbon Products
      6.3.3. Other
   6.4. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Application
   6.5. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis by Application

7. Global Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Analysis and Forecast by Sales Channel
   7.1. Market Trends
   7.2. Introduction
      7.2.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Sales Channel 
      7.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Sales Channel
   7.3. Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Sales Channel 
      7.3.1. Manufacturer/Distributor/Service Provider
      7.3.2. Aftermarket
   7.4. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Sales Channel
   7.5. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis by Sales Channel

8. Global Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Analysis and Forecast by Region
   8.1. Market Trends
   8.2. Introduction
      8.2.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Region
      8.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Region
   8.3. Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Region
      8.3.1. North America
      8.3.2. Latin America
      8.3.3. Europe
      8.3.4. Asia Pacific
      8.3.5. Middle East and Africa (MEA)
   8.4. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Region
   8.5. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis by Region
   8.6. Global Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Demand Share Forecast, 2019-2026

9. North America Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Analysis and Forecast
   9.1. Introduction
      9.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
      9.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
   9.2. North America Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
      9.2.1. U.S.
      9.2.2. Canada
   9.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
   9.4. North America Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
      9.4.1. Steel Industry
      9.4.2. Carbon Products
      9.4.3. Other
   9.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
   9.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
   9.7. North America Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
      9.7.1. Gas Calcined Anthracite
      9.7.2. Electrically Calcined Anthracite
   9.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
   9.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
   9.10. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
      9.10.1. By Country
      9.10.2. By Product Type
      9.10.3. By Application
      9.10.4. By Sales Channel
   9.11. North America Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Demand Share Forecast, 2019-2026

10. Latin America Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Analysis and Forecast
   10.1. Introduction
      10.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
      10.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
      10.1.3. Latin America Average Pricing Analysis
   10.2. Latin America Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
      10.2.1. Brazil
      10.2.2. Mexico
      10.2.3. Rest of Latin America
   10.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
   10.4. Latin America Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
      10.4.1. Steel Industry
      10.4.2. Carbon Products
      10.4.3. Other
   10.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
   10.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
   10.7. Latin America Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
      10.7.1. Gas Calcined Anthracite
      10.7.2. Electrically Calcined Anthracite
   10.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
   10.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
   10.10. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
      10.10.1. By Country
      10.10.2. By Product Type
      10.10.3. By Application
      10.10.4. By Sales Channel
   10.11. Latin America Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Demand Share Forecast, 2019-2026

11. Europe Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Analysis and Forecast
   11.1. Introduction
      11.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
      11.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
      11.1.3. Europe Average Pricing Analysis
   11.2. Europe Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
      11.2.1. Germany
      11.2.2. France
      11.2.3. Italy
      11.2.4. U.K.
      11.2.5. Spain
      11.2.6. Russia
      11.2.7. Rest of Europe
   11.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
   11.4. Europe Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
      11.4.1. Steel Industry
      11.4.2. Carbon Products
      11.4.3. Other
   11.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
   11.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
   11.7. Europe Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
      11.7.1. Gas Calcined Anthracite
      11.7.2. Electrically Calcined Anthracite
   11.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
   11.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
   11.10. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
      11.10.1. By Country
      11.10.2. By Product Type
      11.10.3. By Application
      11.10.4. By Sales Channel
   11.11. Europe Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Demand Share, 2019-2026

12. Asia Pacific Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Analysis and Forecast
   12.1. Introduction
      12.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
      12.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
      12.1.3. Asia Pacific Average Pricing Analysis
   12.2. Asia Pacific Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
      12.2.1. China
      12.2.2. Japan
      12.2.3. South Korea
      12.2.4. India
      12.2.5. Australia
      12.2.6. Rest of Asia Pacific (APAC)
   12.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
   12.4. Asia Pacific Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
      12.4.1. Steel Industry
      12.4.2. Carbon Products
      12.4.3. Other
   12.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
   12.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
   12.7. Asia Pacific Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
      12.7.1. Gas Calcined Anthracite
      12.7.2. Electrically Calcined Anthracite
   12.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
   12.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
   12.10. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
      12.10.1. By Country
      12.10.2. By Product Type
      12.10.3. By Application
      12.10.4. By Sales Channel
   12.11. Asia Pacific Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Demand Share, 2019-2026

13. Middle East & Africa Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Analysis and Forecast
   13.1. Introduction
      13.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
      13.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
      13.1.3. Asia Pacific Average Pricing Analysis
   13.2. Middle East & Africa Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
      13.2.1. Saudi Arabia
      13.2.2. South Africa
      13.2.3. UAE
      13.2.4. Rest of Middle East & Africa (MEA)
   13.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
   13.4. Middle East & Africa Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
      13.4.1. Steel Industry
      13.4.2. Carbon Products
      13.4.3. Other
   13.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
   13.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
   13.7. Middle East & Africa Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
      13.7.1. Gas Calcined Anthracite
      13.7.2. Electrically Calcined Anthracite
   13.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
   13.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
   13.10. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
      13.10.1. By Country
      13.10.2. By Product Type
      13.10.3. By Application
      13.10.4. By Sales Channel
   13.11. Middle East & Africa Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Demand Share, 2019-2026

14. Competition Landscape
   14.1. Global Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market: Market Share Analysis
   14.2. Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Distributors and Customers
   14.3. Electrically Calcined Anthracite (ECA) Market: Competitive Dashboard
   14.4. Company Profiles (Details – Overview, Financials, Developments, Strategy) 
      14.4.1. Elkem
         14.4.1.1. Overview
         14.4.1.2. Financials
         14.4.1.3. Developments
         14.4.1.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.2. Rheinfelden Carbon
         14.4.2.1. Overview
         14.4.2.2. Financials
         14.4.2.3. Developments
         14.4.2.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.3. Asbury Carbons
         14.4.3.1. Overview
         14.4.3.2. Financials
         14.4.3.3. Developments
         14.4.3.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.4. Rheinbraun Brennstoff GmbH
         14.4.4.1. Overview
         14.4.4.2. Financials
         14.4.4.3. Developments
         14.4.4.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.5. Resorbent
         14.4.5.1. Overview
         14.4.5.2. Financials
         14.4.5.3. Developments
         14.4.5.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.6. Devenergy
         14.4.6.1. Overview
         14.4.6.2. Financials
         14.4.6.3. Developments
         14.4.6.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.7. Wanboda Carbons & Graphite
         14.4.7.1. Overview
         14.4.7.2. Financials
         14.4.7.3. Developments
         14.4.7.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.8. China Coal Ningxia Carbon Additive Factory
         14.4.8.1. Overview
         14.4.8.2. Financials
         14.4.8.3. Developments
         14.4.8.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.9. IVY-Carbon Products
         14.4.9.1. Overview
         14.4.9.2. Financials
         14.4.9.3. Developments
         14.4.9.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.10. Ningxia Huihong
         14.4.10.1. Overview
         14.4.10.2. Financials
         14.4.10.3. Developments
         14.4.10.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.11. Carbon Valley
         14.4.11.1. Overview
         14.4.11.2. Financials
         14.4.11.3. Developments
         14.4.11.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.12. TIH Group
         14.4.12.1. Overview
         14.4.12.2. Financials
         14.4.12.3. Developments
         14.4.12.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.13. Hongrong
         14.4.13.1. Overview
         14.4.13.2. Financials
         14.4.13.3. Developments
         14.4.13.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.14. Xinhuida
         14.4.14.1. Overview
         14.4.14.2. Financials
         14.4.14.3. Developments
         14.4.14.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.15. Zhixin
         14.4.15.1. Overview
         14.4.15.2. Financials
         14.4.15.3. Developments
         14.4.15.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.16. Dongsheng
         14.4.16.1. Overview
         14.4.16.2. Financials
         14.4.16.3. Developments
         14.4.16.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.17. COMPANY 17
         14.4.17.1. Overview
         14.4.17.2. Financials
         14.4.17.3. Developments
         14.4.17.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.18. COMPANY 18
         14.4.18.1. Overview
         14.4.18.2. Financials
         14.4.18.3. Developments
         14.4.18.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.19. COMPANY 19
         14.4.19.1. Overview
         14.4.19.2. Financials
         14.4.19.3. Developments
         14.4.19.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.20. COMPANY 20
         14.4.20.1. Overview
         14.4.20.2. Financials
         14.4.20.3. Developments
         14.4.20.4. Strategic Outlook

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