Latest Update: Impact of current COVID-19 situation has been considered in this report while making the analysis.
Global Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market by Type (PAC Liquid, PAC Solid), By Application (Industrial Water Treatment, Municipal Water Treatment, Paper Making, Others) And By Region (North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific and Middle East & Africa), Forecast From 2022 To 2030-report

Global Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market by Type (PAC Liquid, PAC Solid), By Application (Industrial Water Treatment, Municipal Water Treatment, Paper Making, Others) And By Region (North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific and Middle East & Africa), Forecast From 2022 To 2030

Report ID: 207256 3300 Chemical & Material 377 243 Pages 4.9 (37)
                                          

Market Overview:


The global polyaluminium chloride (PAC) market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.5% from 2018 to 2030. PAC is used in various applications such as industrial water treatment, municipal water treatment, paper making, and others. The growth of the global PAC market can be attributed to the increasing demand for treated water and rising awareness about the benefits of using PAC in various applications. The global PAC liquid market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.8% from 2018 to 2030. The growth of the global PAC liquid market can be attributed to the increasing demand for treated water and rising awareness about the benefits of using PACs in various applications such as industrial water treatment and municipal water treatment.


Global Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Industry Outlook


Product Definition:


A white, odorless, crystalline powder that is used as a coagulant and flocculating agent in water treatment.


PAC Liquid:


Polyaluminium chloride is a widely used plastic in the automotive and electrical industries. It is also used as an insulating material for high voltage cables. Polyaluminum chloride liquid (PAC LL)is a key by-product obtained during the production of polyaluminum chloride, which has wide usage in various end-use industries such as construction, electrical & electronics and automotive industry.


PAC Solid:


PAC Solid is a solid form of Polyaluminum Chloride. It has high thermal stability and can be used in applications that require resistance to high temperatures. PAC solid is also referred to as PASC or PACh, which stands for Polyaluminum Chloride. It’s a white crystalline material, which has excellent mechanical properties and thermal conductivity compared to other aluminates such as aluminum nitride or silicon carbide.


Application Insights:


The market is segmented by application into industrial water treatment, municipal water treatment, paper making, and others. The industrial sector dominated the overall industry in terms of demand with a share of over 40% in 2017. Increasing use of PAC as an anti-corrosion agent for cooling systems and heat transfer fluids has been one of the key factors driving its demand in this sector. In addition to this, it finds applications as corrosion inhibitors for various metals used in manufacturing process such as steel and aluminum alloys which include cast iron & steel.


Regional Analysis:


Asia Pacific dominated the global market in 2017 and is expected to continue its dominance over the forecast period. The growth of this region can be attributed to rising PAC consumption in industrial and municipal applications. China, India, Japan, South Korea are some of the major countries that contribute significantly towards regional growth owing to increasing demand from end-use industries such as construction, manufacturing, electrical & electronics and paper making among others.


The Asia Pacific was followed by Europe which accounted for a share of 24% in terms of revenue in 2017 on account of high product demand from numerous end-use sectors including packaging industry; automotive; oil & gas sector; textile among others across European countries such as Germany; France; Italy etc. However sluggish economic conditions may be for a country like Spain or Greece their tourism sector remains resilient thereby driving up PAC consumption at resorts across these nations leading to increased regional demand over the coming years.


Growth Factors:


  • Increasing demand from water treatment industry: The global water treatment market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.5% from 2016 to 2021. This would create demand for PAC, as it is an important component of water treatment process.
  • Growing awareness about benefits of using PAC in various applications:PAC offers several advantages such as low cost, high efficiency and environmental friendliness over other alternatives which is resulting in increasing adoption across various industries.
  • Rising investments in municipal infrastructure: There has been a significant increase in the spending on municipal infrastructure by governments around the world over the past few years and this is likely to continue driving growth of PAC market in coming years .

Scope Of The Report

Report Attributes

Report Details

Report Title

Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Research Report

By Type

PAC Liquid, PAC Solid

By Application

Industrial Water Treatment, Municipal Water Treatment, Paper Making, Others

By Companies

Kemira, GEO Specialty Chemicals, Taki Chemical Co., Ltd., GK FINECHEM, Aditya Birla Chemicals, Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited, Hengyang Jianheng Industry, Shandong Zhongke Tianze, Weifang Tenor Chemical, PT Lautan Luas Tbk, CCM Chemicals, Xantara Sdn Bhd, Gongyi Yuqing, Lvyuan Chem, Jinlei Chemical, ASM Chemical Industries, Henan Fengbai Industrial, THAI PAC Industry Company

Regions Covered

North America, Europe, APAC, Latin America, MEA

Base Year

2021

Historical Year

2019 to 2020 (Data from 2010 can be provided as per availability)

Forecast Year

2030

Number of Pages

243

Number of Tables & Figures

171

Customization Available

Yes, the report can be customized as per your need.


Global Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Report Segments:

The global Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) market is segmented on the basis of:

Types

PAC Liquid, PAC Solid

The product segment provides information about the market share of each product and the respective CAGR during the forecast period. It lays out information about the product pricing parameters, trends, and profits that provides in-depth insights of the market. Furthermore, it discusses latest product developments & innovation in the market.

Applications

Industrial Water Treatment, Municipal Water Treatment, Paper Making, Others

The application segment fragments various applications of the product and provides information on the market share and growth rate of each application segment. It discusses the potential future applications of the products and driving and restraining factors of each application segment.

Some of the companies that are profiled in this report are:

  1. Kemira
  2. GEO Specialty Chemicals
  3. Taki Chemical Co., Ltd.
  4. GK FINECHEM
  5. Aditya Birla Chemicals
  6. Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited
  7. Hengyang Jianheng Industry
  8. Shandong Zhongke Tianze
  9. Weifang Tenor Chemical
  10. PT Lautan Luas Tbk
  11. CCM Chemicals
  12. Xantara Sdn Bhd
  13. Gongyi Yuqing
  14. Lvyuan Chem
  15. Jinlei Chemical
  16. ASM Chemical Industries
  17. Henan Fengbai Industrial
  18. THAI PAC Industry Company

Global Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Overview


Highlights of The Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Report:

  1. The market structure and projections for the coming years.
  2. Drivers, restraints, opportunities, and current trends of market.
  3. Historical data and forecast.
  4. Estimations for the forecast period 2030.
  5. Developments and trends in the market.
  6. By Type:

    1. PAC Liquid
    2. PAC Solid
  1. By Application:

    1. Industrial Water Treatment
    2. Municipal Water Treatment
    3. Paper Making
    4. Others
  1. Market scenario by region, sub-region, and country.
  2. Market share of the market players, company profiles, product specifications, SWOT analysis, and competitive landscape.
  3. Analysis regarding upstream raw materials, downstream demand, and current market dynamics.
  4. Government Policies, Macro & Micro economic factors are also included in the report.

We have studied the Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market in 360 degrees via. both primary & secondary research methodologies. This helped us in building an understanding of the current market dynamics, supply-demand gap, pricing trends, product preferences, consumer patterns & so on. The findings were further validated through primary research with industry experts & opinion leaders across countries. The data is further compiled & validated through various market estimation & data validation methodologies. Further, we also have our in-house data forecasting model to predict market growth up to 2030.

Regional Analysis

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • Middle East & Africa
  • Latin America

Note: A country of choice can be added in the report at no extra cost. If more than one country needs to be added, the research quote will vary accordingly.

The geographical analysis part of the report provides information about the product sales in terms of volume and revenue in regions. It lays out potential opportunities for the new entrants, emerging players, and major players in the region. The regional analysis is done after considering the socio-economic factors and government regulations of the countries in the regions.

How you may use our products:

  • Correctly Positioning New Products
  • Market Entry Strategies
  • Business Expansion Strategies
  • Consumer Insights
  • Understanding Competition Scenario
  • Product & Brand Management
  • Channel & Customer Management
  • Identifying Appropriate Advertising Appeals

Global Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Statistics

8 Reasons to Buy This Report

  1. Includes a Chapter on the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic On the Market
  2. Report Prepared After Conducting Interviews with Industry Experts & Top Designates of the Companies in the Market
  3. Implemented Robust Methodology to Prepare the Report
  4. Includes Graphs, Statistics, Flowcharts, and Infographics to Save Time
  5. Industry Growth Insights Provides 24/5 Assistance Regarding the Doubts in the Report
  6. Provides Information About the Top-winning Strategies Implemented by Industry Players.
  7. In-depth Insights On the Market Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities, and Threats
  8. Customization of the Report Available

Frequently Asked Questions?


PAC is a white, crystalline powder that is used as a flame retardant in plastics and other materials.

Some of the major companies in the polyaluminium chloride (pac) market are Kemira, GEO Specialty Chemicals, Taki Chemical Co., Ltd., GK FINECHEM, Aditya Birla Chemicals, Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited, Hengyang Jianheng Industry, Shandong Zhongke Tianze, Weifang Tenor Chemical, PT Lautan Luas Tbk, CCM Chemicals, Xantara Sdn Bhd, Gongyi Yuqing, Lvyuan Chem, Jinlei Chemical, ASM Chemical Industries, Henan Fengbai Industrial, THAI PAC Industry Company.

The polyaluminium chloride (pac) market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 5.5%.

                                            
1. Executive Summary

2. Assumptions and Acronyms Used

3. Research Methodology

4. Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Overview
   4.1. Introduction
      4.1.1. Market Taxonomy
      4.1.2. Market Definition
   4.2. Macro-Economic Factors
      4.2.1. Industry Outlook
   4.3. Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Dynamics
      4.3.1. Market Drivers
      4.3.2. Market Restraints
      4.3.3. Opportunity
      4.3.4. Market Trends
   4.4. Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market - Supply Chain
   4.5. Global Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Forecast
      4.5.1. Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size (US$ Mn) and Y-o-Y Growth
      4.5.2. Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size (000’ Units) and Y-o-Y Growth
      4.5.3. Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Absolute $ Opportunity

5. Global Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Analysis and Forecast by Type
   5.1. Market Trends
   5.2. Introduction
      5.2.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
      5.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
   5.3. Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
      5.3.1. PAC Liquid
      5.3.2. PAC Solid
   5.4. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Type
   5.5. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis by Type

6. Global Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Analysis and Forecast by Application
   6.1. Market Trends
   6.2. Introduction
      6.2.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
      6.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
   6.3. Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
      6.3.1. Industrial Water Treatment
      6.3.2. Municipal Water Treatment
      6.3.3. Paper Making
      6.3.4. Others
   6.4. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Application
   6.5. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis by Application

7. Global Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Analysis and Forecast by Sales Channel
   7.1. Market Trends
   7.2. Introduction
      7.2.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Sales Channel 
      7.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Sales Channel
   7.3. Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Sales Channel 
      7.3.1. Manufacturer/Distributor/Service Provider
      7.3.2. Aftermarket
   7.4. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Sales Channel
   7.5. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis by Sales Channel

8. Global Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Analysis and Forecast by Region
   8.1. Market Trends
   8.2. Introduction
      8.2.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Region
      8.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Region
   8.3. Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Region
      8.3.1. North America
      8.3.2. Latin America
      8.3.3. Europe
      8.3.4. Asia Pacific
      8.3.5. Middle East and Africa (MEA)
   8.4. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Region
   8.5. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis by Region
   8.6. Global Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Demand Share Forecast, 2019-2026

9. North America Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Analysis and Forecast
   9.1. Introduction
      9.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
      9.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
   9.2. North America Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
      9.2.1. U.S.
      9.2.2. Canada
   9.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
   9.4. North America Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
      9.4.1. Industrial Water Treatment
      9.4.2. Municipal Water Treatment
      9.4.3. Paper Making
      9.4.4. Others
   9.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
   9.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
   9.7. North America Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
      9.7.1. PAC Liquid
      9.7.2. PAC Solid
   9.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
   9.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
   9.10. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
      9.10.1. By Country
      9.10.2. By Product Type
      9.10.3. By Application
      9.10.4. By Sales Channel
   9.11. North America Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Demand Share Forecast, 2019-2026

10. Latin America Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Analysis and Forecast
   10.1. Introduction
      10.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
      10.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
      10.1.3. Latin America Average Pricing Analysis
   10.2. Latin America Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
      10.2.1. Brazil
      10.2.2. Mexico
      10.2.3. Rest of Latin America
   10.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
   10.4. Latin America Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
      10.4.1. Industrial Water Treatment
      10.4.2. Municipal Water Treatment
      10.4.3. Paper Making
      10.4.4. Others
   10.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
   10.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
   10.7. Latin America Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
      10.7.1. PAC Liquid
      10.7.2. PAC Solid
   10.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
   10.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
   10.10. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
      10.10.1. By Country
      10.10.2. By Product Type
      10.10.3. By Application
      10.10.4. By Sales Channel
   10.11. Latin America Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Demand Share Forecast, 2019-2026

11. Europe Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Analysis and Forecast
   11.1. Introduction
      11.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
      11.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
      11.1.3. Europe Average Pricing Analysis
   11.2. Europe Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
      11.2.1. Germany
      11.2.2. France
      11.2.3. Italy
      11.2.4. U.K.
      11.2.5. Spain
      11.2.6. Russia
      11.2.7. Rest of Europe
   11.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
   11.4. Europe Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
      11.4.1. Industrial Water Treatment
      11.4.2. Municipal Water Treatment
      11.4.3. Paper Making
      11.4.4. Others
   11.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
   11.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
   11.7. Europe Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
      11.7.1. PAC Liquid
      11.7.2. PAC Solid
   11.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
   11.9. Y-o-Y Growth Proections by Type
   11.10. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
      11.10.1. By Country
      11.10.2. By Product Type
      11.10.3. By Application
      11.10.4. By Sales Channel
   11.11. Europe Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Demand Share, 2019-2026

12. Asia Pacific Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Analysis and Forecast
   12.1. Introduction
      12.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
      12.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
      12.1.3. Asia Pacific Average Pricing Analysis
   12.2. Asia Pacific Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
      12.2.1. China
      12.2.2. Japan
      12.2.3. South Korea
      12.2.4. India
      12.2.5. Australia
      12.2.6. Rest of Asia Pacific (APAC)
   12.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
   12.4. Asia Pacific Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
      12.4.1. Industrial Water Treatment
      12.4.2. Municipal Water Treatment
      12.4.3. Paper Making
      12.4.4. Others
   12.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
   12.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
   12.7. Asia Pacific Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
      12.7.1. PAC Liquid
      12.7.2. PAC Solid
   12.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
   12.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
   12.10. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
      12.10.1. By Country
      12.10.2. By Product Type
      12.10.3. By Application
      12.10.4. By Sales Channel
   12.11. Asia Pacific Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Demand Share, 2019-2026

13. Middle East & Africa Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Analysis and Forecast
   13.1. Introduction
      13.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
      13.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
      13.1.3. Asia Pacific Average Pricing Analysis
   13.2. Middle East & Africa Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
      13.2.1. Saudi Arabia
      13.2.2. South Africa
      13.2.3. UAE
      13.2.4. Rest of Middle East & Africa (MEA)
   13.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
   13.4. Middle East & Africa Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
      13.4.1. Industrial Water Treatment
      13.4.2. Municipal Water Treatment
      13.4.3. Paper Making
      13.4.4. Others
   13.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
   13.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
   13.7. Middle East & Africa Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
      13.7.1. PAC Liquid
      13.7.2. PAC Solid
   13.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
   13.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
   13.10. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
      13.10.1. By Country
      13.10.2. By Product Type
      13.10.3. By Application
      13.10.4. By Sales Channel
   13.11. Middle East & Africa Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Demand Share, 2019-2026

14. Competition Landscape
   14.1. Global Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market: Market Share Analysis
   14.2. Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Distributors and Customers
   14.3. Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) Market: Competitive Dashboard
   14.4. Company Profiles (Details – Overview, Financials, Developments, Strategy) 
      14.4.1. Kemira
         14.4.1.1. Overview
         14.4.1.2. Financials
         14.4.1.3. Developments
         14.4.1.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.2. GEO Specialty Chemicals
         14.4.2.1. Overview
         14.4.2.2. Financials
         14.4.2.3. Developments
         14.4.2.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.3. Taki Chemical Co., Ltd.
         14.4.3.1. Overview
         14.4.3.2. Financials
         14.4.3.3. Developments
         14.4.3.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.4. GK FINECHEM
         14.4.4.1. Overview
         14.4.4.2. Financials
         14.4.4.3. Developments
         14.4.4.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.5. Aditya Birla Chemicals
         14.4.5.1. Overview
         14.4.5.2. Financials
         14.4.5.3. Developments
         14.4.5.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.6. Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited
         14.4.6.1. Overview
         14.4.6.2. Financials
         14.4.6.3. Developments
         14.4.6.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.7. Hengyang Jianheng Industry
         14.4.7.1. Overview
         14.4.7.2. Financials
         14.4.7.3. Developments
         14.4.7.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.8. Shandong Zhongke Tianze
         14.4.8.1. Overview
         14.4.8.2. Financials
         14.4.8.3. Developments
         14.4.8.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.9. Weifang Tenor Chemical
         14.4.9.1. Overview
         14.4.9.2. Financials
         14.4.9.3. Developments
         14.4.9.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.10. PT Lautan Luas Tbk
         14.4.10.1. Overview
         14.4.10.2. Financials
         14.4.10.3. Developments
         14.4.10.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.11. CCM Chemicals
         14.4.11.1. Overview
         14.4.11.2. Financials
         14.4.11.3. Developments
         14.4.11.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.12. Xantara Sdn Bhd
         14.4.12.1. Overview
         14.4.12.2. Financials
         14.4.12.3. Developments
         14.4.12.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.13. Gongyi Yuqing
         14.4.13.1. Overview
         14.4.13.2. Financials
         14.4.13.3. Developments
         14.4.13.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.14. Lvyuan Chem
         14.4.14.1. Overview
         14.4.14.2. Financials
         14.4.14.3. Developments
         14.4.14.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.15. Jinlei Chemical
         14.4.15.1. Overview
         14.4.15.2. Financials
         14.4.15.3. Developments
         14.4.15.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.16. ASM Chemical Industries
         14.4.16.1. Overview
         14.4.16.2. Financials
         14.4.16.3. Developments
         14.4.16.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.17. Henan Fengbai Industrial
         14.4.17.1. Overview
         14.4.17.2. Financials
         14.4.17.3. Developments
         14.4.17.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.18. THAI PAC Industry Company
         14.4.18.1. Overview
         14.4.18.2. Financials
         14.4.18.3. Developments
         14.4.18.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.19. COMPANY 19
         14.4.19.1. Overview
         14.4.19.2. Financials
         14.4.19.3. Developments
         14.4.19.4. Strategic Outlook
      14.4.20. COMPANY 20
         14.4.20.1. Overview
         14.4.20.2. Financials
         14.4.20.3. Developments
         14.4.20.4. Strategic Outlook

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