Market Overview:
The global vascular surgery electrosurgical units (ESUs) market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.5% during the forecast period from 2018 to 2030. The growth in this market can be attributed to the increasing incidence of vascular diseases, technological advancements in ESUs, and rising demand for minimally invasive surgeries. Based on type, the global vascular surgery electrosurgical units (ESUs) market is segmented into monopole electrosurgical units, bipolar electrosurgical units, and vessel sealing units. Monopole ESUs held the largest share of the global ESU market in 2017 and are expected to maintain their dominance during the forecast period. This can be attributed to their low cost and easy availability compared with bipolar ESUs.
 Industry Outlook.svg)
Product Definition:
A vascular surgery electrosurgical unit (ESU) is a medical device used to stop bleeding by heating and sealing blood vessels. The importance of ESU in vascular surgery is that it can provide hemostasis (the stoppage of bleeding), which is necessary for many procedures.
Monopole Electrosurgical Units:
Monopole electrosurgical units (MESU) are used in vascular surgery for coagulation and cutting of blood vessels. The MESU is a device that delivers an electric current to the tissues during surgery, which helps reach remote areas of the body. It has several advantages over traditional surgical devices such as knives and scissors; it provides better control, precision, safety & efficacy with less risk of bleeding complications.
Bipolar Electrosurgical Units:
Bipolar electrosurgical units and it's usage in vascular surgery are expected to grow at a lucrative rate during the forecast period. The factors that propel the growth of this market include increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, rising geriatric population base, growing healthcare awareness among people coupled with technological advancements such as introduction of bipolar ESUs.
Introduction and advancements in endovascular procedures have led to improved patient outcomes with reduced morbidity & mortality.
Application Insights:
Based on application, the global vascular surgery electro surgical units market is segmented into public hospital and private hospital. The public hospitals segment dominated the overall market in terms of revenue in 2017 owing to high usage rates of these devices across various procedures. In addition, an increasing number of cardiovascular surgeries at a global level is also expected to boost growth over the forecast period.
The growing prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity has led to a significant increase in demand for minimally invasive surgeries which can be performed using ESUs. Minimally invasive heart valve procedures have become increasingly popular due to technological advancements that have made them less painful than ever before as well as enabling surgeons greater access inside patients¢â‚¬â„¢ bodies without opening them up completely.
Regional Analysis:
North America dominated the global market in 2017. This can be attributed to the presence of a large number of vascular surgery ESUs, increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, and rising adoption of advanced technologies in U.S. Furthermore, growing demand for minimally invasive surgeries is also expected to drive growth over the forecast period.
Asia Pacific is expected to witness lucrative growth during the forecast period owing to factors such as improving healthcare infrastructure & availability of treatments at affordable costs coupled with rapidly developing economy and rising patient awareness levels regarding available options for treatment procedures resulting from mass media campaigns are anticipated to boost demand over next eight years (2018-2030). Moreover, increasing incidence rateof various chronic diseases including diabetes is further propelling regional market growth in near future (Vaughan et al., 2015).
Growth Factors:
- Increasing incidence of vascular diseases: The global prevalence of vascular diseases is increasing at an alarming rate. This is primarily because of the changing lifestyle and dietary habits. This, in turn, is fueling the demand for vascular surgery electrosurgical units (ESUs).
- Technological advancements: The ESU market is witnessing rapid technological advancements, with new products being launched regularly. This is helping to boost the adoption of ESUs among surgeons worldwide.
- Growing demand for minimally invasive surgeries: Minimally invasive surgeries are becoming increasingly popular due to their many benefits over traditional open surgeries. This is driving the demand for ESUs, as they are essential tools for performing minimally invasive procedures safely and effectively.
- Rising number of surgical procedures: The number of surgical procedures being performed globally is increasing rapidly due to factors such as aging population and rising incidence of chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease .This is leading to a surge in demand for ESUs worldwide .
Scope Of The Report
Report Attributes
Report Details
Report Title
Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Research Report
By Type
Monopole Electrosurgical Units, Bipolar Electrosurgical Units, Vessel Sealing Units
By Application
Public Hospital, Private Hospital
By Companies
Medtronic, Erbe Elektromedizin GmbH, Johnson & Johnson, B. Braun Melsungen AG, KLS Martin, Bowa Electronic GmbH, Steris PLC (Eschmann Equipment), CONMED Corporation, EMED, Uzumcu, Telea Electronic Engineering Srl, SternMed, Bovie Medical, Olympus, LED SPA, Cooper Surgical, AtriCure, Beijing Beilin, Shanghai Hutong, KINDY ELECTRONIC, Karl Storz, Soering, Utah Medical, Meyer-Haake, Ellman, IBBAB, Lamidey, Union Medical
Regions Covered
North America, Europe, APAC, Latin America, MEA
Base Year
2021
Historical Year
2019 to 2020 (Data from 2010 can be provided as per availability)
Forecast Year
2030
Number of Pages
241
Number of Tables & Figures
169
Customization Available
Yes, the report can be customized as per your need.
Global Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Report Segments:
The global Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) market is segmented on the basis of:
Types
Monopole Electrosurgical Units, Bipolar Electrosurgical Units, Vessel Sealing Units
The product segment provides information about the market share of each product and the respective CAGR during the forecast period. It lays out information about the product pricing parameters, trends, and profits that provides in-depth insights of the market. Furthermore, it discusses latest product developments & innovation in the market.
Applications
Public Hospital, Private Hospital
The application segment fragments various applications of the product and provides information on the market share and growth rate of each application segment. It discusses the potential future applications of the products and driving and restraining factors of each application segment.
Some of the companies that are profiled in this report are:
- Medtronic
- Erbe Elektromedizin GmbH
- Johnson & Johnson
- B. Braun Melsungen AG
- KLS Martin
- Bowa Electronic GmbH
- Steris PLC (Eschmann Equipment)
- CONMED Corporation
- EMED
- Uzumcu
- Telea Electronic Engineering Srl
- SternMed
- Bovie Medical
- Olympus
- LED SPA
- Cooper Surgical
- AtriCure
- Beijing Beilin
- Shanghai Hutong
- KINDY ELECTRONIC
- Karl Storz
- Soering
- Utah Medical
- Meyer-Haake
- Ellman
- IBBAB
- Lamidey
- Union Medical
 Market Overview.svg)
Highlights of The Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Report:
- The market structure and projections for the coming years.
- Drivers, restraints, opportunities, and current trends of market.
- Historical data and forecast.
- Estimations for the forecast period 2030.
- Developments and trends in the market.
- By Type:
- Monopole Electrosurgical Units
- Bipolar Electrosurgical Units
- Vessel Sealing Units
- By Application:
- Public Hospital
- Private Hospital
- Market scenario by region, sub-region, and country.
- Market share of the market players, company profiles, product specifications, SWOT analysis, and competitive landscape.
- Analysis regarding upstream raw materials, downstream demand, and current market dynamics.
- Government Policies, Macro & Micro economic factors are also included in the report.
We have studied the Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market in 360 degrees via. both primary & secondary research methodologies. This helped us in building an understanding of the current market dynamics, supply-demand gap, pricing trends, product preferences, consumer patterns & so on. The findings were further validated through primary research with industry experts & opinion leaders across countries. The data is further compiled & validated through various market estimation & data validation methodologies. Further, we also have our in-house data forecasting model to predict market growth up to 2030.
Regional Analysis
- North America
- Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Middle East & Africa
- Latin America
Note: A country of choice can be added in the report at no extra cost. If more than one country needs to be added, the research quote will vary accordingly.
The geographical analysis part of the report provides information about the product sales in terms of volume and revenue in regions. It lays out potential opportunities for the new entrants, emerging players, and major players in the region. The regional analysis is done after considering the socio-economic factors and government regulations of the countries in the regions.
How you may use our products:
- Correctly Positioning New Products
- Market Entry Strategies
- Business Expansion Strategies
- Consumer Insights
- Understanding Competition Scenario
- Product & Brand Management
- Channel & Customer Management
- Identifying Appropriate Advertising Appeals
 Market Statistics.svg)
8 Reasons to Buy This Report
- Includes a Chapter on the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic On the Market
- Report Prepared After Conducting Interviews with Industry Experts & Top Designates of the Companies in the Market
- Implemented Robust Methodology to Prepare the Report
- Includes Graphs, Statistics, Flowcharts, and Infographics to Save Time
- Industry Growth Insights Provides 24/5 Assistance Regarding the Doubts in the Report
- Provides Information About the Top-winning Strategies Implemented by Industry Players.
- In-depth Insights On the Market Drivers, Restraints, Opportunities, and Threats
- Customization of the Report Available
Frequently Asked Questions?
Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) are medical devices that use an electric current to cut and seal blood vessels. ESUs may be used to treat a variety of conditions, including varicose veins, spider veins, and hemorrhoids.
Some of the major players in the vascular surgery electrosurgical units (esus) market are Medtronic, Erbe Elektromedizin GmbH, Johnson & Johnson, B. Braun Melsungen AG, KLS Martin, Bowa Electronic GmbH, Steris PLC (Eschmann Equipment), CONMED Corporation, EMED, Uzumcu, Telea Electronic Engineering Srl, SternMed, Bovie Medical, Olympus, LED SPA, Cooper Surgical, AtriCure, Beijing Beilin, Shanghai Hutong, KINDY ELECTRONIC, Karl Storz, Soering, Utah Medical, Meyer-Haake, Ellman, IBBAB, Lamidey, Union Medical.
The vascular surgery electrosurgical units (esus) market is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 5.5%.
1. Executive Summary
2. Assumptions and Acronyms Used
3. Research Methodology
4. Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Overview
4.1. Introduction
4.1.1. Market Taxonomy
4.1.2. Market Definition
4.2. Macro-Economic Factors
4.2.1. Industry Outlook
4.3. Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Dynamics
4.3.1. Market Drivers
4.3.2. Market Restraints
4.3.3. Opportunity
4.3.4. Market Trends
4.4. Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market - Supply Chain
4.5. Global Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Forecast
4.5.1. Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size (US$ Mn) and Y-o-Y Growth
4.5.2. Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size (000 Units) and Y-o-Y Growth
4.5.3. Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Absolute $ Opportunity
5. Global Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Analysis and Forecast by Type
5.1. Market Trends
5.2. Introduction
5.2.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
5.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
5.3. Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
5.3.1. Monopole Electrosurgical Units
5.3.2. Bipolar Electrosurgical Units
5.3.3. Vessel Sealing Units
5.4. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Type
5.5. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis by Type
6. Global Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Analysis and Forecast by Application
6.1. Market Trends
6.2. Introduction
6.2.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
6.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
6.3. Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
6.3.1. Public Hospital
6.3.2. Private Hospital
6.4. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Application
6.5. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis by Application
7. Global Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Analysis and Forecast by Sales Channel
7.1. Market Trends
7.2. Introduction
7.2.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Sales Channel
7.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Sales Channel
7.3. Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Sales Channel
7.3.1. Manufacturer/Distributor/Service Provider
7.3.2. Aftermarket
7.4. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Sales Channel
7.5. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis by Sales Channel
8. Global Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Analysis and Forecast by Region
8.1. Market Trends
8.2. Introduction
8.2.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Region
8.2.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Region
8.3. Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Region
8.3.1. North America
8.3.2. Latin America
8.3.3. Europe
8.3.4. Asia Pacific
8.3.5. Middle East and Africa (MEA)
8.4. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Region
8.5. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis by Region
8.6. Global Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Demand Share Forecast, 2019-2026
9. North America Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Analysis and Forecast
9.1. Introduction
9.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
9.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
9.2. North America Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
9.2.1. U.S.
9.2.2. Canada
9.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
9.4. North America Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
9.4.1. Public Hospital
9.4.2. Private Hospital
9.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
9.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
9.7. North America Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
9.7.1. Monopole Electrosurgical Units
9.7.2. Bipolar Electrosurgical Units
9.7.3. Vessel Sealing Units
9.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
9.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
9.10. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
9.10.1. By Country
9.10.2. By Product Type
9.10.3. By Application
9.10.4. By Sales Channel
9.11. North America Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Demand Share Forecast, 2019-2026
10. Latin America Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Analysis and Forecast
10.1. Introduction
10.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
10.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
10.1.3. Latin America Average Pricing Analysis
10.2. Latin America Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
10.2.1. Brazil
10.2.2. Mexico
10.2.3. Rest of Latin America
10.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
10.4. Latin America Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
10.4.1. Public Hospital
10.4.2. Private Hospital
10.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
10.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
10.7. Latin America Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
10.7.1. Monopole Electrosurgical Units
10.7.2. Bipolar Electrosurgical Units
10.7.3. Vessel Sealing Units
10.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
10.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
10.10. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
10.10.1. By Country
10.10.2. By Product Type
10.10.3. By Application
10.10.4. By Sales Channel
10.11. Latin America Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Demand Share Forecast, 2019-2026
11. Europe Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Analysis and Forecast
11.1. Introduction
11.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
11.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
11.1.3. Europe Average Pricing Analysis
11.2. Europe Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
11.2.1. Germany
11.2.2. France
11.2.3. Italy
11.2.4. U.K.
11.2.5. Spain
11.2.6. Russia
11.2.7. Rest of Europe
11.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
11.4. Europe Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
11.4.1. Public Hospital
11.4.2. Private Hospital
11.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
11.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
11.7. Europe Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
11.7.1. Monpole Electrosurgical Units
11.7.2. Bipolar Electrosurgical Units
11.7.3. Vessel Sealing Units
11.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
11.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
11.10. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
11.10.1. By Country
11.10.2. By Product Type
11.10.3. By Application
11.10.4. By Sales Channel
11.11. Europe Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Demand Share, 2019-2026
12. Asia Pacific Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Analysis and Forecast
12.1. Introduction
12.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
12.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
12.1.3. Asia Pacific Average Pricing Analysis
12.2. Asia Pacific Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
12.2.1. China
12.2.2. Japan
12.2.3. South Korea
12.2.4. India
12.2.5. Australia
12.2.6. Rest of Asia Pacific (APAC)
12.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
12.4. Asia Pacific Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
12.4.1. Public Hospital
12.4.2. Private Hospital
12.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
12.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
12.7. Asia Pacific Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
12.7.1. Monopole Electrosurgical Units
12.7.2. Bipolar Electrosurgical Units
12.7.3. Vessel Sealing Units
12.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
12.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
12.10. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
12.10.1. By Country
12.10.2. By Product Type
12.10.3. By Application
12.10.4. By Sales Channel
12.11. Asia Pacific Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Demand Share, 2019-2026
13. Middle East & Africa Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Analysis and Forecast
13.1. Introduction
13.1.1. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Country
13.1.2. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Country
13.1.3. Asia Pacific Average Pricing Analysis
13.2. Middle East & Africa Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Country
13.2.1. Saudi Arabia
13.2.2. South Africa
13.2.3. UAE
13.2.4. Rest of Middle East & Africa (MEA)
13.3. Absolute $ Opportunity Assessment by Country
13.4. Middle East & Africa Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Application
13.4.1. Public Hospital
13.4.2. Private Hospital
13.5. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Application
13.6. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Application
13.7. Middle East & Africa Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market Size and Volume Forecast by Type
13.7.1. Monopole Electrosurgical Units
13.7.2. Bipolar Electrosurgical Units
13.7.3. Vessel Sealing Units
13.8. Basis Point Share (BPS) Analysis by Type
13.9. Y-o-Y Growth Projections by Type
13.10. Market Attractiveness/Growth Potential Analysis
13.10.1. By Country
13.10.2. By Product Type
13.10.3. By Application
13.10.4. By Sales Channel
13.11. Middle East & Africa Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Demand Share, 2019-2026
14. Competition Landscape
14.1. Global Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market: Market Share Analysis
14.2. Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Distributors and Customers
14.3. Vascular Surgery Electrosurgical Units (ESUs) Market: Competitive Dashboard
14.4. Company Profiles (Details Overview, Financials, Developments, Strategy)
14.4.1. Medtronic
14.4.1.1. Overview
14.4.1.2. Financials
14.4.1.3. Developments
14.4.1.4. Strategic Outlook
14.4.2. Erbe Elektromedizin GmbH
14.4.2.1. Overview
14.4.2.2. Financials
14.4.2.3. Developments
14.4.2.4. Strategic Outlook
14.4.3. Johnson & Johnson
14.4.3.1. Overview
14.4.3.2. Financials
14.4.3.3. Developments
14.4.3.4. Strategic Outlook
14.4.4. B. Braun Melsungen AG
14.4.4.1. Overview
14.4.4.2. Financials
14.4.4.3. Developments
14.4.4.4. Strategic Outlook
14.4.5. KLS Martin
14.4.5.1. Overview
14.4.5.2. Financials
14.4.5.3. Developments
14.4.5.4. Strategic Outlook
14.4.6. Bowa Electronic GmbH
14.4.6.1. Overview
14.4.6.2. Financials
14.4.6.3. Developments
14.4.6.4. Strategic Outlook
14.4.7. Steris PLC (Eschmann Equipment)
14.4.7.1. Overview
14.4.7.2. Financials
14.4.7.3. Developments
14.4.7.4. Strategic Outlook
14.4.8. CONMED Corporation
14.4.8.1. Overview
14.4.8.2. Financials
14.4.8.3. Developments
14.4.8.4. Strategic Outlook
14.4.9. EMED
14.4.9.1. Overview
14.4.9.2. Financials
14.4.9.3. Developments
14.4.9.4. Strategic Outlook
14.4.10. Uzumcu
14.4.10.1. Overview
14.4.10.2. Financials
14.4.10.3. Developments
14.4.10.4. Strategic Outlook
14.4.11. Telea Electronic Engineering Srl
14.4.11.1. Overview
14.4.11.2. Financials
14.4.11.3. Developments
14.4.11.4. Strategic Outlook
14.4.12. SternMed
14.4.12.1. Overview
14.4.12.2. Financials
14.4.12.3. Developments
14.4.12.4. Strategic Outlook
14.4.13. Bovie Medical
14.4.13.1. Overview
14.4.13.2. Financials
14.4.13.3. Developments
14.4.13.4. Strategic Outlook
14.4.14. Olympus
14.4.14.1. Overview
14.4.14.2. Financials
14.4.14.3. Developments
14.4.14.4. Strategic Outlook
14.4.15. LED SPA
14.4.15.1. Overview
14.4.15.2. Financials
14.4.15.3. Developments
14.4.15.4. Strategic Outlook
14.4.16. Cooper Surgical
14.4.16.1. Overview
14.4.16.2. Financials
14.4.16.3. Developments
14.4.16.4. Strategic Outlook
14.4.17. AtriCure
14.4.17.1. Overview
14.4.17.2. Financials
14.4.17.3. Developments
14.4.17.4. Strategic Outlook
14.4.18. Beijing Beilin
14.4.18.1. Overview
14.4.18.2. Financials
14.4.18.3. Developments
14.4.18.4. Strategic Outlook
14.4.19. Shanghai Hutong
14.4.19.1. Overview
14.4.19.2. Financials
14.4.19.3. Developments
14.4.19.4. Strategic Outlook
14.4.20. KINDY ELECTRONIC
14.4.20.1. Overview
14.4.20.2. Financials
14.4.20.3. Developments
14.4.20.4. Strategic Outlook
